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Windows 10 is a major release of Microsoft ‘s Windows NT operating system. It is the direct successor to Windows 8. It was released to manufacturing on July 15, , and later to retail on July 29, Windows 10 receives new builds on an ongoing basis, which are available at no additional cost to users, in addition to additional test builds of Windows 10, which are available to Windows Insiders.
Devices in enterprise environments can receive these updates at a slower pace, or use long-term support milestones that only receive critical updates, such as security patches , over their ten-year lifespan of extended support. Windows 10 received generally positive reviews upon its original release. Critics praised Microsoft’s decision to provide the desktop-oriented interface in line with previous versions of Windows, contrasting the tablet-oriented approach of Windows 8, although Windows 10’s touch-oriented user interface mode was criticized for containing regressions upon the touch-oriented interface of its predecessor.
Critics also praised the improvements to Windows 10’s bundled software over Windows 8. However, media outlets have been critical of the changes to operating system behaviors, including mandatory update installation, privacy concerns over data collection performed by the OS for Microsoft and its partners, and adware -like tactics used to promote the operating system on its release.
Microsoft initially aimed to have Windows 10 installed on over one billion devices within three years of its release; [19] that goal was ultimately reached almost five years after release on March 16, On June 24, , Microsoft announced Windows 10’s successor, Windows 11 , which was released on October 5, In December , technology writer Mary Jo Foley reported that Microsoft was working on an update to Windows 8 codenamed “Threshold”, after a planet in its Halo franchise.
She also stated that one of the goals for Threshold was to create a unified application platform and development toolkit for Windows, Windows Phone and Xbox One which all use a similar kernel based on Windows NT.
The new Start menu takes after Windows 7 ‘s design by using only a portion of the screen and including a Windows 7-style application listing in the first column. The second column displays Windows 8-style app tiles. Myerson said that these changes would occur in a future update, but did not elaborate. Windows Phone 8. Screenshots of a Windows build purported to be Threshold were leaked in July , showing the previously presented Start menu and windowed Windows Store apps, [32] followed by a further screenshot of a build identifying itself as “Windows Technical Preview”, numbered , in September , showing a new virtual desktop system, a notification center, and a new File Explorer icon.
On September 30, , Microsoft officially announced that Threshold would be unveiled during a media event as Windows Myerson said that Windows 10 would be Microsoft’s “most comprehensive platform ever”, providing a single, unified platform for desktop and laptop computers, tablets , smartphones, and all-in-one devices.
In regards to Microsoft naming the new operating system Windows 10 instead of Windows 9, Terry Myerson said that “based on the product that’s coming, and just how different our approach will be overall, it wouldn’t be right to call it Windows 9.
We’re trying to create one platform, one eco-system that unites as many of the devices from the small embedded Internet of Things, through tablets, through phones, through PCs and, ultimately, into the Xbox. Further details surrounding Windows 10’s consumer-oriented features were presented during another media event held on January 21, , entitled “Windows The Next Chapter”.
Additional developer-oriented details surrounding the ” Universal Windows Platform ” concept were revealed and discussed during Microsoft’s Build developers’ conference.
Among them were the unveiling of “Islandwood”, which provides a middleware toolchain for compiling Objective-C -based software particularly iOS to run as universal apps on Windows 10 and Windows 10 Mobile.
A port of Candy Crush Saga made using the toolkit, which shared much of its code with the iOS version, was demonstrated, alongside the announcement that the King -developed game would be bundled with Windows 10 at launch. At the Ignite conference , Microsoft employee Jerry Nixon stated that Windows 10 would be the “last version of Windows”, a statement that Microsoft confirmed was “reflective” of its view of the operating system being a “service” with new versions and updates to be released over time.
On June 1, , Microsoft announced that Windows 10 would be released on July 29, The commercials focused on the tagline “A more human way to do”, emphasizing new features and technologies supported by Windows 10 that sought to provide a more “personal” experience to users.
Windows 10 makes its user experience and functionality more consistent between different classes of device and addresses most of the shortcomings in the user interface that were introduced in Windows 8.
Windows 10 supports universal apps , an expansion of the Metro-style first introduced in Windows 8. Windows 10 also introduced the Microsoft Edge web browser , a virtual desktop system, a window and desktop management feature called Task View , support for fingerprint and face recognition login, new security features for enterprise environments, and DirectX Windows apps share code across platforms, have responsive designs that adapt to the needs of the device and available inputs, can synchronize data between Windows 10 devices including notifications, credentials, and allowing cross-platform multiplayer for games , and are distributed through the Microsoft Store rebranded from Windows Store since September The ARM version of Windows 10 allows running applications for x86 processors through bit software emulation.
On Windows 10, Microsoft Store serves as a unified storefront for apps, video content, and eBooks. Desktop software distributed through Windows Store is packaged using the App-V system to allow sandboxing. A new iteration of the Start menu is used on the Windows 10 desktop, with a list of places and other options on the left side, and tiles representing applications on the right. The menu can be resized, and expanded into a full-screen display, which is the default option in Tablet mode.
When a window is snapped to one side of the screen, Task View appears and the user is prompted to choose a second window to fill the unused side of the screen called “Snap Assist”. Charms have been removed; their functionality in universal apps is accessed from an App commands menu on their title bar.
It is accessed by clicking an icon in the notification area, or dragging from the right of the screen. Notifications can be synced between multiple devices. Windows 10 is designed to adapt its user interface based on the type of device being used and available input methods. It offers two separate user interface modes: a user interface optimized for mouse and keyboard, and a “Tablet mode” designed for touchscreens. Users can toggle between these two modes at any time, and Windows can prompt or automatically switch when certain events occur, such as disabling Tablet mode on a tablet if a keyboard or mouse is plugged in, or when a 2-in-1 PC is switched to its laptop state.
In Tablet mode, programs default to a maximized view, and the taskbar contains a back button and hides buttons for opened or pinned programs by default; Task View is used instead to switch between programs. The full screen Start menu is used in this mode, similarly to Windows 8, but scrolls vertically instead of horizontally.
Windows 10 incorporates multi-factor authentication technology based upon standards developed by the FIDO Alliance.
Devices with supported cameras requiring infrared illumination, such as Intel RealSense allow users to log in with iris or face recognition , similarly to Kinect. Devices with supported readers allow users to log in through fingerprint recognition. Support was also added for palm-vein scanning through a partnership with Fujitsu in February In , researchers demonstrated that Windows Hello could be bypassed on fully-updated Windows 10 version with a color printout of a person’s picture taken with an IR camera.
However, a PIN is not a simpler password. While passwords are transmitted to domain controllers , PINs are not. They are tied to one device, and if compromised, only one device is affected.
As such, the authentication token transmitted to the server is harder to crack. In addition, whereas weak passwords may be broken via rainbow tables , TPM causes the much-simpler Windows PINs to be resilient to brute-force attacks. When Windows 10 was first introduced, multi-factor authentication was provided by two components: Windows Hello and Passport not to be confused with the Passport platform of Later, Passport was merged into Windows Hello.
Device Guard is designed to protect against zero-day exploits , and runs inside a hypervisor so that its operation remains separated from the operating system itself.
Other features such as word wrap and transparency were also added. These functions can be disabled to revert to the legacy console if needed. The Anniversary Update added Windows Subsystem for Linux WSL , which allows the installation of a user space environment from a supported Linux distribution that runs natively on Windows.
The subsystem translates Linux system calls to those of the Windows NT kernel only claims full system call compatibility as of WSL 2, included in a later Windows update. The environment can execute the Bash shell and bit command-line programs WSL 2 also supports bit Linux programs and graphics, assuming supporting software installed, [88] and GPUs support for other uses [89].
Windows applications cannot be executed from the Linux environment, and vice versa. To reduce the storage footprint of the operating system, Windows 10 automatically compresses system files. The system can reduce the storage footprint of Windows by approximately 1.
The level of compression used is dependent on a performance assessment performed during installations or by OEMs , which tests how much compression can be used without harming operating system performance. Furthermore, the Refresh and Reset functions use runtime system files instead, making a separate recovery partition redundant, allowing patches and updates to remain installed following the operation, and further reducing the amount of space required for Windows 10 by up to 12 GB.
Windows 10 introduces Microsoft Edge , a new default web browser. It initially featured a new standards -compliant rendering engine derived from Trident , and also includes annotation tools and integration with other Microsoft platforms present within Windows Every Windows 10 version from 20H2, which was released on October 20, , will come with the new version of the browser preinstalled.
Windows 10 incorporates a universal search box located alongside the Start and Task View buttons, which can be hidden or condensed into a single button. Many of its features are a direct carryover from Windows Phone, including integration with Bing , setting reminders, a Notebook feature for managing personal information, as well as searching for files, playing music, launching applications and setting reminders or sending emails.
Microsoft Family Safety is replaced by Microsoft Family, a parental controls system that applies across Windows platforms and Microsoft online services. Users can create a designated family, and monitor and restrict the actions of users designated as children, such as access to websites, enforcing age ratings on Microsoft Store purchases, and other restrictions.
The service can also send weekly e-mail reports to parents detailing a child’s computer usage. Credentials are stored in an encrypted form on Microsoft servers and sent to the devices of the selected contacts. Passwords are not viewable by the guest user, and the guest user is not allowed to access other computers or devices on the network.
Wi-Fi Sense is not usable on Universal calling and messaging apps for Windows 10 are built in as of the November update: Messaging, Skype Video, and Phone. These offer built-in alternatives to the Skype download and sync with Windows 10 Mobile.
Windows 10 provides greater integration with the Xbox ecosystem. Xbox SmartGlass is succeeded by the Xbox Console Companion formerly the Xbox app , which allows users to browse their game library including both PC and Xbox console games , and Game DVR is also available using a keyboard shortcut , allowing users to save the last 30 seconds of gameplay as a video that can be shared to Xbox Live, OneDrive, or elsewhere. Windows 10 adds native game recording and screenshot capture ability using the newly introduced Game Bar.
Users can also have the OS continuously record gameplay in the background, which then allows the user to save the last few moments of gameplay to the storage device. Windows 10 adds three new default typefaces compared to Windows 8, but removes dozens of others.
The removed typefaces are available in supplemental packs and may be added manually over a non-metered internet connection. Windows 10 is available in five main editions for personal computing devices; the Home and Pro editions of which are sold at retail in most countries, and as pre-loaded software on new computers. Home is aimed at home users, while Pro is aimed at power users and small businesses.
Each edition of Windows 10 includes all of the capabilities and features of the edition below it, and add additional features oriented towards their market segments; for example, Pro adds additional networking and security features such as BitLocker , Device Guard, Windows Update for Business, and the ability to join a domain. Enterprise and Education, the other editions, contain additional features aimed towards business environments, and are only available through volume licensing.
As part of Microsoft’s unification strategies, Windows products that are based on Windows 10’s common platform but meant for specialized platforms are marketed as editions of the operating system, rather than as separate product lines. An updated version of Microsoft’s Windows Phone operating system for smartphones, and also tablets, was branded as Windows 10 Mobile. On May 2, , Microsoft unveiled Windows 10 S referred to in leaks as Windows 10 Cloud , a feature-limited edition of Windows 10 which was designed primarily for devices in the education market competing, in particular, with Chrome OS netbooks , such as the Surface Laptop that Microsoft also unveiled at this time.
The OS restricts software installation to applications obtained from Microsoft Store; the device may be upgraded to Windows 10 Pro for a fee to enable unrestricted software installation. As a time-limited promotion, Microsoft stated that this upgrade would be free on the Surface Laptop until March 31, A public beta program for Windows 10 known as the Windows Insider Program began with the first publicly available preview release on October 1,
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If you try to relocate it to a cloud, you may find that the savings are erased by the additional effort required to maintain the integration. In this case it may end up being more cost- effective to continue to host it locally.
If the application has to talk with a database that you have onsite, it may be better to also have the application hosted locally until you can move the entire infrastructure to the cloud. Again, this helps you avoid the service cost of having to transfer to and from the cloud.
Some applications may not be able to communicate securely across the Internet. If they cannot communicate securely or through a tunnel, then your data is at risk. In the event the application cannot communicate securely, you will need to host it locally where you can have other means of security to protect data as it is transported across networks. Also, since you are displaying the application results on an interface like a web browser, you need to ensure that your application is compatible with a variety of browsers and will operate properly using encryption, like SSL, for some or all of the interaction your user has within the application.
If you are relying on applications to be available on the cloud, that may or may not be the case. It depends on whether the developer has created a cloud-friendly version of the application you want. In the event that your application is not ready, you might be out of luck. It is still possible to write your own application. However, it may be the case that you need a very specific application. This is sort of a minor concern, because chances are good that you have programmers on staff who can pound out what you need in no time.
Failing that, you can always hire a firm or a programmer to do it for you. But There Are Benefits The fact of the matter is that putting your database needs on a cloud can be very beneficial, in terms of scalability. At some point, your servers are going to have issues if there are too many users trying to access them, and the inherent scalability of cloud-based resources can mitigate that risk.
It is often said that this generation of web services got its start from LAMP. LAMP is a stack of simple, powerful web technologies that power a lot of popular, smaller web sites. Because of its ease of use, you can get an application up and running very quickly. The first problem is one of scalability. Scalability issues come from the number of threads and socket connections in the Apache web server.
If the server is not properly tuned and a load increases, it can cause problems. A larger scalability problem comes from MySQL. Relational databases have a hard time growing beyond a certain capacity due to the way they represent information. When you reach that limit, database management becomes more difficult. Chapter 2: Your Organization and Cloud Computing 35 You can work around this through a procedure called data partitioning.
Using this method, you split your data into independent sets, and you can scale indefinitely. This is beneficial because the cloud allows you to scale indefinitely; it just means that more servers need to be added. Essentially, you can scale from 1, users to 1,, by just adding more servers.
Security Concerns As with so many other technical choices, security is a two-sided coin in the world of cloud computing—there are pros and there are cons. IDC conducted a survey of IT executives about cloud services. As Figure shows, security led the pack of cloud concerns with In order to be successful, vendors will have to take data like this into consideration as they offer up their clouds. Privacy Concerns with a Third Party The first and most obvious concern is for privacy considerations.
As a starting point, assume that anything you put on the cloud can be accessed by anyone. But in reality, even if providers are doing their best to secure data, it can still be hacked, and then your sensitive information is at the mercy of whoever broke in.
The best plan of attack is to not perform mission-critical work or work that is highly sensitive on a cloud platform without extensive security controls managed by your organization.
Before signing on with a reputable vendor, keep in mind, also, that they are doing all they can to protect your data. Now, there is a school of thought that says, in fact, that vendors will be going above and beyond to ensure that your data is secure. This is a simple matter of doing business.
There are a lot of ways that their cloud and your data can be compromised. They want something. It ranges from selling your proprietary information to your competition to surreptitiously encrypting your storage until you pay them off. Or they may just erase everything to damage your business and justify the action based on their ideological beliefs. It can and does happen.
Either way, hackers are a real concern for your data managed on a cloud. Bot Attackers In a commonly recognized worst-case scenario, attackers use botnets to perform distributed denial of service DDOS attacks. In order to get the hackers to stop attacking your network, you face blackmail.
Hackers set up systems to send out distributed denial of service attacks, bringing the service provider to its knees. One major Tokyo firm had to pay 3 million yen about U. Because the attack was so dispersed, police have been unable to track down the attackers. In the world of cloud computing, this is clearly a huge concern.
If your data is on the cloud being attacked, who will the ransomers come to for money? Will it be you? Will it be the vendor? And will the ransom even be paid? Security Benefits This is not to suggest that your data is unsecure on the cloud. Providers do endeavor to ensure security. Otherwise, word of mouth and repeat business will shrivel up. But the very nature of the cloud lends it to needing some very strong security practices.
However, there are some good security traits that come with centralizing your data. Just in practice, you make your system more inherently secure. Also, how many laptops employ really strong security measures, like whole-disk data encryption?
If the laptop can be effectively compromised, the information will be in the hands of the thief. By maintaining data on the cloud, employing strong access control, and limiting employee downloading to only what they need to perform a task, cloud computing can limit the amount of information that could potentially be lost.
Monitoring If your data is maintained on a cloud, it is easier to monitor security than have to worry about the security of numerous servers and clients. Of course, the chance that the cloud would be breached puts all the data at risk, but if you are mindful of security and keep up on it, you only have to worry about one location, rather than several.
Instant Swapover If your data is compromised, while you are conducting your investigation to find the culprits, you can instantly move your data to another machine. Abstracting the hardware allows you to do it instantly. Logging In the cloud, logging is improved. Logging is usually thought of late in the game, and issues develop with storage space. Also, you can use more advanced logging techniques. For instance, a C2 audit trail can be employed.
This is generally rarely used because of the performance hit your network would take. However, in the cloud, you can reach that level of granularity. Secure Builds When you developed your own network, you had to buy third-party security software to get the level of protection you want. With a cloud solution, those tools can be bundled in and available to you and you can develop your system with whatever level of security you desire.
Also, you can perform your patches and upgrades offline. As you patch a server image, you can keep it safe offline, and when you are ready to put the virtual machine online, you can conveniently do that. Finally, the ability to test the impact of your security changes is enhanced. You simply perform and offline-test the version of your production environment.
Additionally, the vendor will be likely to look at the entire security setup and tune wherever possible for a more efficient system.
They know that the security vendor who delivers the more efficient product will win the game. The end result is that because you are in a pool with others you never see them, but they are there , you get to realize lower costs for security testing.
This is also the case with PaaS where your developers create their own code, but the cloud code—scanning tools check the code for security weaknesses. In the case of cloud computing, however, regulation might be exactly what we need. No Existing Regulation Currently there is no existing regulation, but there should be. It was viewed as the greatest bank failure in American history to date. It reminds us that no matter how huge a company is, it can still come tumbling down.
Look at a company like Google, for instance. That size and value would seem to make them bulletproof. While comparing cloud service providers to banks might seem like an apples-to-oranges comparison, it underscores the need for regulation. While banks deal in money, and cloud service providers deal in data, both are of immense value to consumers and organizations alike. The fact that there was some regulation in place in the form of government-backed insurance prevented a run on the bank.
Government to the Rescue? There are two schools of thought on the issue. First, if government can figure out a way to safeguard data—either from loss or theft—any company facing such a loss would applaud the regulation. On the other hand, there are those who think the government should stay out of it and let competition and market forces guide cloud computing.
There are important questions that government needs to work out. First, who owns the data? Also, should law enforcement agencies have easier access to personal information on cloud data than that stored on a personal computer? While these are popular sites for individuals, they are still considered cloud services and their regulation will affect other cloud services.
So far, U. Government Procurement There are also questions about whether government agencies will store their data on the cloud. Procurement regulations will have to change for government agencies to be keen on jumping on the cloud. The General Services Administration is making a push toward cloud computing, in an effort to reduce the amount of energy their computers consume.
In fact, the GSA is working with a vendor to develop an application that will calculate how much energy government agencies consume.
While this is a responsible, ecologically wise move not to mention saving millions of taxpayer dollars every year , government agencies may not be moving to the cloud quite so soon. Again, issues of data privacy and ownership of data must still be addressed. There are pros and cons to using a cloud computing solution. Your organization is a unique animal and there is no one right answer as to whether or not you should use a cloud.
CHAPTER 3 Cloud Computing with the Titans T here are scores of cloud vendors out there, but it should come as no surprise that some of the biggest names in cloud computing are some of the biggest names in the computer world.
Google App Engine makes it easier to deploy web applications by dynamically providing computing resources as they are needed. Developers write the code, and Google App Engine takes care of the rest. The image-manipulation API enables developers to scale, rotate, and crop images on the server. The memcache API is a high-performance caching layer designed to make page rendering faster for developers.
Google Web Toolkit With Google Web Toolkit, developers can develop and debug web applications in the familiar Java programming language, and then deploy them as highly optimized JavaScript. Google Health is one recently launched application to use Google Web Toolkit. Google Web Toolkit includes Java 5 language support so that developers can enjoy using the full capabilities of the Java 5 syntax.
These capabilities include Java generics, enumerated types, annotations, auto-boxing, variable parameter lists, and more. The compiler in Google Web Toolkit 1. Google Web Toolkit 1. EMC EMC Corporation is the world leader in products, services, and solutions for information storage and management that help organizations extract value from their information.
They have their fingers in all sorts of different cloud computing and virtualization pies. It introduced its Symmetric V-Max system in April , claiming that it is the first management system to support high-end virtual datacenters. The system allows customers with vast storage needs to easily manage and expand storage systems without interfering with day-to-day operations. This system allows multiple datacenters to be run as if they were one, making their management much easier and more efficient.
Their offerings should be on your radar screens as we move into the future. The VMware name, brand, and products will all be maintained, and VMware employees will remain focused on developing, selling, and servicing VMware’s products and solutions. NetApp NetApp is an organization that creates storage and data management solutions for their customers.
Their goal is to deliver cost efficiency and accelerate business breakthroughs. The company continues to introduce new technologies that reduce the costs of IT. NetApp claims they can cut your IT costs in half, use up to 80 percent less storage, hold off on datacenter expansion, and speed up your time to market.
Another driver for NetApp is their belief in acting responsibly by protecting and preserving the environment by creating energy-efficient products.
Offerings NetApp was one of the first companies in the cloud, offering datacenter consolidation and storage services, as well as virtualization. Their products include a platform OS, storage services, storage security, software management, and protection software. Their solutions run the gamut from Microsoft SQL Server and SharePoint Services to seismic processing and reservoir development to desktop and server virtualization.
Cisco and NetApp are working together to certify the combined solution, and the companies will also collaborate on customer support and marketing activities. The Cisco Unified Computing System unites compute, network, storage access, and virtualization resources in a cohesive new datacenter architecture. This allows customers to reduce the complexities often associated with datacenter virtualization, lower costs, and improve asset utilization.
Through Cisco Validated Design, NetApp will provide flexible and powerful storage solutions for the Cisco Unified Computing System that will be tested for interoperability in virtualized datacenter environments.
Customers benefit from the unified storage model across the entire NetApp product portfolio, application integration technologies such as the NetApp SnapManager product suite, and advanced storage efficiency features. Both of these programs will focus on educating customers about NetApp and Cisco datacenter offerings.
In addition, Cisco and NetApp have a long history of collaboration and many common customers that have deployed Cisco and NetApp technologies and solutions in their datacenters.
The center features Ethernet-based protocols running on a Cisco 10 Gigabit Ethernet backbone. The Azure Services Platform is a cloud computing and services platform hosted in Microsoft datacenters.
The Azure Services Platform supplies a broad range of functionality to build applications to serve individuals or large enterprises, and everyone in between. The platform offers a cloud operating system and developer tools. Azure services can be used individually or in conjunction with one another to build new applications or to enhance existing ones.
Windows Azure Windows Azure is a cloud-based operating system that enables the development, hosting, and service management environment for the Azure Services Platform. Windows Azure gives developers an on-demand compute and storage environment that they can use to host, scale, and manage web applications through Microsoft datacenters.
To build applications and services, developers can use the Visual Studio skills they already have. This allows the storage of structured, semistructured, and unstructured data.
SQL Services delivers a set of integrated services that allow relational queries, search, reporting, analytics, integration, and synchronization of data. This can be done by mobile users, remote offices, or business partners. NET Services Microsoft. NET Services are a set of Microsoft-hosted, developer-oriented services that provide the components required by many cloud-based and cloud-aware applications. NET Services are similar to the.
NET Framework, providing high-level class libraries that make development much more robust. NET Services can help developers focus more on their end product than on building and deploying their own cloud-based infrastructure.
Windows Live Windows Live is an integrated set of online services that makes it easier and more fun for consumers to communicate and share with others. The new generation of Windows Live includes updated experiences for photo sharing, email, and instant messaging, as well as integration with multiple third-party sites. Consumers can create online content and share it in many places across the Web. To help make it simple for Windows Live customers to keep their friends up to date, Microsoft collaborated with companies including Flickr, LinkedIn Corp.
The new Windows Live also gives consumers the added convenience of having a central place to organize and manage information. Now, Windows Live takes care of that, with an integrated personal communication service that works across the Web with optimized experiences on the PC and mobile phone.
As Windows Live customers share photos, update their profiles, and write reviews, these activities will automatically publish to their Windows Live network. HP, the worldwide leader in printing solutions, will distribute Windows Live Photo Gallery with its consumer printers, including Photosmart and Deskjet lines, starting next year.
The combined offer provides HP customers with Windows Live Photo Gallery, an end-to-end photo management and printing solution. This offering will allow users to print, share, organize and edit a wide array of creative print projects at home, such as photo books, collages, cards and calendars. Online storage is increasing from 5GB to 25GB. Upcoming changes include the ability to bring multiple email accounts together, the ability to put multiple email addresses onto almost any device, increased storage, and a revamped calendar that makes it easier to share calendars with others, subscribe to multiple calendars, and use your calendar with Microsoft Outlook.
All these services work with Windows Live Essentials, a free suite of applications for communication and sharing that also works with leading email, photo, and blogging services worldwide. Exchange Online Messaging is a crucial business application, and to help facilitate that in a cloud environment, Microsoft offers Exchange Online. Because it is a cloud service, you and your employees can access messages from anywhere.
Exchange Online servers are geographically dispersed. Customers using Active Directory can use a synchronization tool to keep the online and local Active Directories in sync. This allows for a mix of users, from on-site users to users traveling and checking in with a mobile device. SharePoint Services provides communities for team collaboration and makes it easy for users to work together on documents, tasks, contacts, events, and other information.
Additionally, team and site managers can coordinate site contents and user activity. NET-based components. Web Parts are designed to be add-ons to web pages and configured by site administrators and users to create complete page-based applications.
SharePoint sites are places where teams can participate in discussions, shared document collaboration, and surveys. Site content can be accessed from a web browser and through clients that support web services. Document collaboration controls allow you to check in, check out, and control document versioning. Microsoft Office System programs use SharePoint site content. Picture editing is also possible.
Microsoft Office Outlook allows SharePoint site event calendars to be viewed side by side with personal calendars. SharePoint also allows managers to customize the content and layout of sites so that site members can access and work with relevant information.
Chapter 3: Cloud Computing with the Titans 53 SharePoint Services can scale to thousands of sites within an organization. It supports load-balanced web farms and clustered database deployments. For site and serve managers, quotas can be set on storage, sites per server, and users per site. SharePoint Services servers, sites, and site contents are managed by using a.
NET-based object model. Sites can be customized even by nondevelopers by using Microsoft Office FrontPage. The Internet service delivers a full suite of marketing, sales, and service capabilities through a web browser or directly into Microsoft Office and Outlook.
In addition to full access through a zero-footprint browser client, the new service delivers marketing, sales, and service information within a native Microsoft Office experience, integrated with the desktop tools that employees already use every day, enabling businesses to ramp up end-user adoption and productivity rapidly.
Businesses get 5GB of data storage, configurable workflows, and custom entities. They offer services on many different fronts, from storage to platform to databases. Amazon seems to have their finger in a number of cloud technologies. Amazon EC2 provides a simple web interface that allows you to obtain and configure capacity with little difficulty. It allows you control of your computing resources. Amazon EC2 cuts the time it takes to obtain and boot new server instances to a few minutes, allowing you to change scale as your needs change.
This might be web sites, web-service hosting, high-performance computing, data processing, media transcoding, ASP. It provides core database functions of data indexing and querying. This provides the ability to store, process, and query data sets in the cloud. Amazon offers the feature because traditional relational databases require a sizable upfront expense. They are also complex to design and often require the employment of a database administrator.
Amazon SimpleDB is—as the name says—simpler. It requires no schema, automatically indexes data, and provides a simple API for storage and access. This makes the process easier to manage and eliminates the administrative burden of data modeling, index maintenance, and performance tuning.
It is designed to make web-scale computing easier for developers. Amazon S3 utilizes a simple web services interface that can be used to store and retrieve any amount of data from anywhere on the Web.
It gives developers access to the same data storage infrastructure that Amazon uses to run its own retail empire. It works in conjunction with other Amazon Web Services to give developers and businesses an easy way to distribute content to clients. Amazon promises low latency, high data transfer speeds, and no commitments. The service delivers content using a global network of edge locations.
Object requests are automatically routed to the nearest edge location, so content is delivered with the best performance possible. Developers can move data between distributed components of their applications that perform different tasks, without losing messages or requiring each component to be always available.
As such, any computer on the Internet can add or read messages without any specially installed software or special firewall configurations. Amazon SQS components can run independently, and need not be on the same network, developed with the same technologies, or running at the same time.
Amazon EC2 is an infrastructure service that provides resizable compute capacity in the cloud. Prior to Amazon EBS, storage within an Amazon EC2 instance was tied to the instance itself so that when the instance was terminated, the data within the instance was lost. Additionally, for even more durable backups and an easy way to create new volumes, Amazon EBS provides the ability to create point-in- time, consistent snapshots of volumes that are then stored to Amazon S3.
As Amazon EC2 instances are started and stopped, the information saved in your database or application is preserved in much the same way it is with traditional physical servers. EC2 and EBS together provide a cost-effective, flexible system that allows us to crunch data faster than we had been previously able—giving us a much needed advantage for our business.
Developers initially used Force. For instance, gaming giant Electronic Arts created an employee-recruiting application on Force.
Meanwhile, Salesforce. In April it moved into enterprise content management with Salesforce. This makes it possible to store, classify, and share information in a manner similar to Microsoft SharePoint. The company employs a multitenant architecture, similar to Google, Amazon, and eBay.
As such, servers and other resources are shared by customers, rather than given to a single account. It allows for better performance, better scalability, better security, and faster innovation through automatic upgrades.
Multitenancy also allows apps to be elastic—they can scale up to tens of thousands of users, or down to just a few—always something to consider when moving to cloud-based solutions.
As with other providers, upgrades are taken care of by Salesforce. The Force. Visualforce is essentially a framework for creating new interface designs and enables user interactions that can be built and delivered with no software or hardware infrastructure requirements.
More on that later in the chapter. PaaS Force. This is a major benefit found in cloud computing solutions. Add to that an on-demand operating system, the ability to create any database on demand, a workflow engine for managing collaboration between users, and a programming language for building complex logic. A web services API for programmatic access, mash-ups, and integration with other applications and data is another key feature. Visualforce As part of the Force. Visualforce provides a page-based model, built on standard HTML and web presentation technologies, and is complemented with both a component library for implementing common user interface elements, and a controller model for creating new interactions between those elements.
Chapter 3: Cloud Computing with the Titans 59 Salesforce. Its claim to fame is that it is comprehensive and easy to customize. Its value proposition is that it empowers companies to manage people and processes more effectively, so reps can spend more time selling and less time on administrative tasks. The application empowers customers to manage multichannel campaigns and provide up-to-date messaging to sales. And since the application is integrated with the Salesforce.
Companies can tap into the power of customer conversations no matter where they take place. Connecting with partners is made to be as easy as connecting with people on LinkedIn: companies instantly share leads, opportunities, accounts, contacts, and tasks with their partners.
Users can purchase and add to their Salesforce. When it launched, AppExchange offered 70 applications. As of September , there were over applications available from over ISVs. AppExchange provides an on-demand platform license that includes everything partners need to build and deliver compelling on-demand applications to their customers.
With AppExchange, companies have access to new applications that potentially bring the benefits of Salesforce. Using AppExchange, companies are able to easily add new applications to their existing Salesforce.
Applications built for the Force. Independent software vendors can jump-start their entry into on-demand computing without risking the initial investment. IBM IBM offers cloud computing services to help businesses of all sizes take advantage of this increasingly attractive computing model. IBM is applying its industry-specific consulting expertise and established technology record to offer secure services to companies in public, private, and hybrid cloud models.
Initial research indicates that organizations will employ both public and private clouds to achieve business goals, and IBM can help companies find the most effective balance, and manage it all as one integrated strategy. With new cloud implementation services, IBM will apply expert-level skills, methods, guidance, and project management techniques to help clients plan, configure, and test the servers, storage, and technologies necessary to support a dynamic technology environment.
The nonprofit organization depends on IBM cloud services to back up server and PC data from distributed environments, and store it in secure off-site locations. Since we experienced no business interruptions in any of our 20 facilities, we were able to focus on bringing the community, our services, and our citizens back online.
But the benefits of cloud services reach far beyond disaster recovery. Better data protection— demonstrating that we are good stewards of information—has become a selling point for us in willing contracts.
With no need for back-end provisioning, the IBM platform stands to cut the time required to deliver new services dramatically. The Yun platform allocates storage, server, and network resources for the customer application with zero human input, achieving top performance, availability, and power utilization. Chapter 3: Cloud Computing with the Titans 63 Security To ensure the widespread adoption of cloud computing services, IBM initiated a company- wide project to form a unified and comprehensive security architecture for cloud computing PART I environments.
Security is built into the cloud, not added as an afterthought. The project incorporates next-generation security and cloud service management technologies, as well as simplified security management and enforcement, offering enterprise customers the same security and compliance guarantees that are equivalent to or better than what they can expect in traditional computing environments.
Partnerships Not everybody is into the cloud for the same reasons. It is clear that Google and Microsoft and most other providers, to be honest are trying to make a buck. But not everyone is. In fact, a couple of interesting partnerships are showing how the cloud can be used without seeing money change hands at least not yet. Research Yahoo! Its scientists examine data-driven analysis, high-quality search, algorithms, and economic models.
Collaboration Yahoo! This effort is the first of its kind in terms of the size and scale of the machine, and the first in making available a supercomputer to academic institutions in India. The Yahoo! Of the top ten supercomputers in the world, EKA is the only supercomputer funded by the private sector and is available for use on commercial terms. EKA is expected to run the latest version of Hadoop and other state-of-the-art, Yahoo! This partnership brings together Yahoo!
Ramadorai, chairman of CRL. Gautam Shroff, member of the steering committee of CRL. The cloud approach to delivering and consuming IT provides answers to the challenges many businesses face today: the immense complexity of sprawling datacenters, the growing cost of energy, and the need to dynamically adapt the allocation of IT resources to constantly changing workloads and business priorities.
In a technology demonstration, IBM and SAP showed how users can run enterprise applications in the cloud, in particular demonstrating the migration of workloads across physical servers and across datacenters. Service providers will need to compete on performance and Quality of Service—and so the future cloud will need to support application mobility across disparate datacenters to enhance performance.
When changes in workload occur, the new technology autonomically balances resource utilization and power consumption across remote servers. This is done, for example, by evacuating and turning off underutilized servers and possibly entire datacenters when demand drops, and powering on idle servers when load increases. The collaborative research relationship between SAP and IBM began in and has since developed a rich portfolio of research activities.
On a quarterly basis, research management and key researchers from both organizations meet to identify topics of mutual interest and to leverage the open collaborative research model, including the EU-sponsored FP7 program, in order to define new project areas that will lead to exciting new research results.
Besides cloud computing, key areas of interest are business process management, services science and engineering, model-driven software development, and security and compliance. This cloud computing project aims to develop technologies to support a service-based online economy, where resources and services are transparently provisioned and managed.
HP, Intel, and Yahoo! HP, Intel Corporation, and Yahoo! The goal of the initiative is to promote open collaboration among industry, academia, and governments by removing the financial and logistical barriers to research in data-intensive, Internet-scale computing. Cloud Computing Test Bed provides a globally distributed, Internet-scale testing environment designed to encourage research on the software, datacenter management, and hardware issues associated with cloud computing at a larger scale than ever before.
The initiative will also support research into cloud applications and services. The partnership with Illinois also includes the National Science Foundation. Each location will host a cloud computing infrastructure, largely based on HP hardware and Intel processors, and will have 1, to 4, processor cores capable of supporting the data-intensive research associated with cloud computing.
The test bed locations are expected to be fully operational and made accessible to researchers worldwide through a selection process later this year. The test bed leverages Yahoo! With Everything as a Service, devices and services will interact seamlessly through the cloud, and businesses and individuals will use services that anticipate their needs based on location, preferences, calendar, and communities.
Cloud Computing Test Bed lets us tap the brightest minds in the industry, academia and government to drive innovation in this area. Chien, vice president and director of Intel Research. IDA will also leverage the test bed and its industry partnerships to train local students and professionals on the technologies and programs associated with cloud computing. Exactly what I wanted to see in the paper.
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